neuroepitel

Neuroepithelium, or neural epithelium, is a specialized epithelium derived from the embryonic neuroectoderm that lines the neural tube and certain sensory structures. In the developing central nervous system, the neural tube is initially bordered by a pseudostratified layer of neuroepithelial cells known as the ventricular zone. These cells proliferate, differentiate into neurons and glia, and, during development, give rise to radial glia that serve as migratory guides for newborn neurons.

Neuroepithelial cells exhibit apical-basal polarity and interkinetic nuclear migration, with cell division synchronized to the cell cycle as nuclei move within the elongated epithelium. As development proceeds, many neuroepithelial cells differentiate into neurons, while others become glial precursors or ependymal cells lining the ventricles. In adulthood, much of the original neuroepithelium is replaced by ependymal linings, and only certain neurogenic niches remain capable of generating new neurons.

Beyond the brain, neuroepithelium also forms sensory epithelia. The retina contains a specialized neural retina that is a sensory neuroepithelium bearing photoreceptors and downstream neurons. In the inner ear, the sensory epithelia of the cochlea and vestibular system derive from neuroepithelial tissue of the otic vesicle during development.

Clinical relevance includes the role of neuroepithelial development in congenital CNS malformations, and the existence of neuroepithelial tumors such as gliomas, ependymomas, and medulloblastomas. Damage to neurogenic zones in the adult brain is associated with limited regenerative capacity, informing research into neural repair.