nefrotické

nefrotické refers to a cluster of symptoms that indicate damage to the glomeruli, the tiny filtering units within the kidneys. This condition is characterized by significant proteinuria, which is the presence of excessive protein in the urine, often leading to a foamy appearance. Another hallmark of nefrotické syndrome is hypoalbuminemia, a low level of albumin in the blood, as albumin, a major protein in blood plasma, is lost through damaged glomeruli. This reduction in blood protein can cause generalized edema, or swelling, particularly in the face, hands, feet, and abdomen, due to fluid shifting out of the blood vessels. Furthermore, patients with nefrotické syndrome often exhibit hyperlipidemia, elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. The underlying causes of nefrotické syndrome are diverse and can include primary kidney diseases like minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and membranous nephropathy, as well as secondary causes such as diabetes mellitus, lupus, and certain infections or medications. Diagnosis typically involves urinalysis to detect proteinuria and blood tests to assess protein and lipid levels, often followed by a kidney biopsy to determine the specific cause and extent of glomerular damage. Treatment strategies are aimed at addressing the underlying cause, managing symptoms like edema and hypertension, and preventing complications such as blood clots and kidney failure.