nanofertilizers

Nanofertilizers are fertilizers that utilize nanotechnology to enhance the delivery, uptake, and efficiency of nutrients for plants. They typically involve nutrients formulated at the nanoscale (1-100 nm) or nanoparticle-based carriers that enable controlled release or targeted delivery. Nanofertilizers may include nanoscale nutrients (such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients) as well as nano-encapsulated nutrients, nanocomposites, or coatings that modulate release.

Common forms include nano-urea, nanoparticulate phosphorus, encapsulated nano-nutrients in biopolymers, silica- or clay-based carriers, and polymeric nanoparticles that respond to environmental cues (pH, moisture). Some systems use foliar sprays or soil-applied formulations designed to reduce nutrient losses. The intended effect is to improve nutrient use efficiency and reduce leaching and volatilization.

Advantages of nanofertilizers include higher uptake efficiency, potential for reduced fertilizer rates, and a smaller environmental footprint with possibilities for precision agriculture. Challenges encompass production costs, scalability, stability and agglomeration of nanoparticles, potential effects on soil microbiota and ecosystems, regulatory and labeling uncertainties, limited long-term field data, and public perception concerns.

Regulatory status and research: Most jurisdictions require safety assessments and clear labeling. Ongoing research covers design of biodegradable carriers, multi-nutrient nanoformulations, and field trials to quantify yield and environmental outcomes. While promising in laboratory studies, commercial adoption remains limited and depends on cost, efficacy, and regulatory clearance.