mykorrhízák

Mykorrhízák, often translated as mycorrhizae, refer to symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots. This partnership is widespread in nature, occurring in approximately 90% of all plant species. The term itself originates from Greek, combining "mykes" (fungus) and "rhiza" (root).

In this mutualistic relationship, the fungus colonizes the roots of a host plant, providing the plant with increased access to water and essential mineral nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, from the soil. The fungal hyphae, which are microscopic thread-like structures, extend far beyond the reach of the plant's root hairs, effectively increasing the surface area for nutrient and water absorption. In return for these benefits, the plant supplies the fungus with carbohydrates, primarily sugars produced during photosynthesis.

There are two main types of mycorrhizae: ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae. Ectomycorrhizae form a sheath around the root tip and penetrate between root cells, but not into them. They are commonly found with trees like pines and oaks. Endomycorrhizae, also known as arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM), penetrate the root cells, forming branched structures called arbuscules where nutrient exchange takes place. AM are the most common type, associated with a vast majority of herbaceous plants and many trees.

The presence of mycorrhizae can significantly enhance plant growth, resilience to stress (such as drought and disease), and overall ecosystem health. They play a crucial role in nutrient cycling within terrestrial ecosystems and are increasingly recognized for their importance in sustainable agriculture and ecological restoration.