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Mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship between two or more species where each species benefits from the interaction. This beneficial interaction can manifest in various ways, such as one species providing a resource that the other needs, or one species offering protection from predators or environmental challenges. The key characteristic of mutualism is that both parties involved gain something of value, leading to an increased survival or reproductive rate for each.

There are several common forms of mutualism. Obligate mutualism occurs when one or both species cannot survive without the other. For example, many fungi and algae form lichens, a relationship where the fungus provides structure and protection, and the alga provides nutrients through photosynthesis. Facultative mutualism, on the other hand, describes interactions where the species can survive independently but benefit from the association. A classic example is pollination, where insects or birds feed on nectar and pollen from flowers, inadvertently transferring pollen and facilitating plant reproduction.

Mutualistic relationships are widespread throughout the natural world, playing crucial roles in ecosystems. They contribute to biodiversity by enabling the survival of species that might otherwise struggle. These interactions are vital for processes like nutrient cycling, seed dispersal, and the formation of complex food webs. The study of mutualism helps scientists understand the intricate connections and dependencies that shape life on Earth.