molybdenums

Molybdenums is the chemical element with the symbol Mo and atomic number 42. It is a silvery transition metal known for its high strength, hardness, and ability to retain structural integrity at elevated temperatures. Pure molybdenum exhibits a very high melting point and good corrosion resistance. Common oxidation states are +4 and +6, and in solution it forms molybdate ions.

Molybdenums occurs primarily in the mineral molybdenite (MoS2) and is recovered mainly as a byproduct of copper mining. Commercial production involves roasting MoS2 to molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) and then reducing MoO3 to metal, typically with hydrogen or carbon. Global output is concentrated in a few countries, with major producers including China, the United States, and Chile.

The principal use of molybdenums is as an alloying element in steel and other alloys, where it improves strength, toughness, and creep resistance at high temperatures. It is common in stainless steels, high-strength low-alloy steels, and various superalloys. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) serves as a dry lubricant and as a catalyst support; molybdenum-based catalysts play a key role in petroleum refining and other chemical processes.

Biologically, molybdenum is an essential trace element for many organisms, including humans, where it is a cofactor for enzymes such as xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, sulfite oxidase, and nitrate reductase. Deficiency is rare in well-supplied diets; excessive exposure to some soluble forms can be toxic. Environmental and occupational safety practices regulate its handling.

The name derives from the Greek molubdos, meaning lead-like. The element was identified in the late 18th century from molybdenite and was later isolated as a metal in the 19th century.