mluvními

Mluvními is a Czech grammatical form—the instrumental plural of the adjective mluvní, meaning verbal or speech-related. It is used to modify nouns in the instrumental case, typically to indicate means, manner, or aspect connected with spoken language. The root comes from the verb mluvit (to speak), with the suffix -ní forming an adjective that denotes relation to speech.

In usage, mluvními describes attributes or means associated with spoken language. Common collocations include mluvními prostředky (verbal means of communication), mluvními proslovy (verbal speeches), or mluvními projevy. The phrase conveys that speech, rather than writing or another medium, is the relevant modality.

Morphology and style notes: mluvní in the base form is a formal or technical adjective. The instrumental plural ending is -mi, yielding mluvními for masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns in the instrumental plural. Because it is a somewhat specialized term, mluvními is more often found in linguistic, rhetorical, or official texts than in everyday speech. In contemporary usage, Czech often prefers synonyms such as verbální (verbal) or slovní (lexical) in ordinary contexts.

Related terms: the adjective mluvní is distinct from the noun mlivení or the present participle forms related to speaking. Its main function is to describe speech-related characteristics or means within a sentence's instrumental frame.

See also: Czech grammar of adjectives, instrumental case, and terms for speech-related expressions.