milkworts

Milkworts are a group of flowering plants belonging to the family Polygalaceae, which also includes the closely related genus *Polygala*. The name "milkwort" originates from the belief that these plants were once used to induce lactation in cows, though modern research has not confirmed this traditional use. Milkworts are primarily found in temperate and subtropical regions worldwide, with the highest diversity occurring in South Africa.

These plants are typically small to medium-sized herbs, shrubs, or subshrubs, often characterized by their distinctive flowers. Milkwort flowers are usually zygomorphic, meaning they possess a single plane of symmetry, and often feature a unique structure with three petals: two lateral ones and a central one that is often elongated or keeled. The flowers are typically small, ranging from white to pink, purple, or yellow, and are often clustered in dense inflorescences. Some species produce nectar, attracting pollinators such as bees and butterflies.

Milkworts are adapted to various habitats, including meadows, grasslands, woodlands, and coastal areas. Many species are drought-tolerant, thriving in well-drained soils. Some milkworts, particularly those in the genus *Polygala*, are known for their ability to form symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which can enhance soil fertility.

Culturally, milkworts have been used in traditional medicine, though their efficacy is not well-documented. In some regions, certain species are cultivated as ornamental plants for their attractive flowers and low-maintenance growth habits. However, milkworts are not widely recognized as major agricultural or horticultural crops.

Conservation efforts for milkworts vary depending on the species and region. Some rare or habitat-specific milkworts may face threats from habitat loss or invasive species, but many remain common and widespread. Research on milkworts continues to focus on their taxonomy, ecology, and potential medicinal properties.