mikrotubules

Microtubules are dynamic intracellular filaments that are key components of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells. They are hollow tubes composed of tubulin protein dimers, specifically alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin, which polymerize to form the long, rigid structure. Microtubules originate from organizing centers, most notably the centrosome, and extend outwards into the cytoplasm. Their structure is polarized, with a "plus" end that grows more rapidly and a "minus" end that is typically anchored.

These versatile structures play crucial roles in cell biology. They are essential for maintaining cell shape and providing mechanical support. During cell division, microtubules form the mitotic spindle, which is responsible for segregating chromosomes. They also serve as tracks for motor proteins like kinesin and dynein, facilitating the transport of organelles and vesicles throughout the cell. Furthermore, microtubules are a fundamental part of cilia and flagella, enabling cellular movement. The dynamic nature of microtubules, with their ability to assemble and disassemble, is critical for these diverse functions, allowing cells to adapt and respond to their environment.