mikronukleidát

Mikronukleát is a term used in genetics and cell biology to refer to a small nucleus that forms within a cell outside of the main nucleus. This occurs during cell division when chromosomes or chromosome fragments are not properly segregated and end up in the cytoplasm. These mis-segregated pieces of genetic material then become enclosed by a new nuclear membrane, forming a micronucleus.

The presence of micronuclei is often an indicator of chromosomal instability or damage. They can arise from various sources, including exposure to genotoxic agents, errors in DNA replication, or defects in the machinery responsible for chromosome segregation during mitosis or meiosis. Consequently, micronuclei are frequently studied as a biomarker for genotoxicity and can be used in assays to assess the potential harmful effects of chemicals or radiation.

The analysis of micronuclei, often referred to as the micronucleus test or assay, can be performed on various cell types, including cultured cells and cells isolated from blood or other tissues. The frequency and size of micronuclei can provide quantitative information about the extent of chromosomal damage. In larger organisms, micronuclei are also observed in somatic cells and can accumulate over time, potentially contributing to aging and disease processes. Their detection is a valuable tool in toxicology, cancer research, and understanding fundamental cellular processes related to genome integrity.