miðaldir

Midaldir is a term used in Icelandic historiography to refer to the period of the Middle Ages. This era in Iceland, as in much of Europe, is generally understood to have begun with the end of the Viking Age and the establishment of Icelandic institutions, often marked by the adoption of Christianity around the year 1000. The period saw the continuation of the Icelandic Commonwealth, a unique form of government characterized by chieftains (goðar) and a national assembly (Alþingi).

During the Midaldir, Icelandic society developed its rich literary tradition, producing sagas and poetry that are cornerstones of medieval European literature. The conversion to Christianity brought about significant cultural and social changes, including the establishment of churches, monasteries, and a written script based on the Latin alphabet. Despite its relative isolation, Iceland maintained connections with Norway and other parts of Europe through trade and cultural exchange.

The latter part of the Midaldir, roughly from the 13th century onwards, was marked by increasing internal strife and the eventual loss of Icelandic independence to Norway, a period known as the Sturlungaöld. This decline in political autonomy continued into the subsequent centuries, leading to Danish rule. Nevertheless, the Midaldir laid the foundation for much of Iceland's cultural identity and historical narrative.