melanosomów

Melanosomes are specialized organelles found in melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells in many organisms. Their primary function is the synthesis, storage, and transport of melanin, the pigment responsible for coloring skin, hair, and eyes. These organelles are membrane-bound vesicles that originate from the Golgi apparatus. Inside the melanosome, a complex series of enzymatic reactions leads to the production of melanin from the amino acid tyrosine.

The development of melanosomes proceeds through distinct stages, characterized by structural changes and the progressive accumulation of melanin. These stages are crucial for determining the type and amount of melanin produced, which in turn influences pigmentation. Once mature, melanosomes are transferred from melanocytes to surrounding keratinocytes, the main cells of the epidermis. This transfer process is vital for protecting the keratinocytes' DNA from ultraviolet radiation damage.

The size, number, and distribution of melanosomes vary significantly between individuals and contribute to diverse skin and hair colors. In lighter skin tones, melanosomes are typically smaller and distributed individually within keratinocytes. In darker skin tones, melanosomes are often larger, more numerous, and found in aggregations. Melanosome production and distribution are tightly regulated by genetic factors and environmental influences, such as sun exposure. Dysregulation in melanosome biogenesis or function can lead to various pigmentation disorders.