matrixeffect

Matrix effect refers to the influence of a sample's constituent matrix on the measurement of target analytes. It is a term commonly used in analytical chemistry and related fields to describe how components of the sample other than the analyte can alter analytical signals or responses.

Causes vary by technique but commonly include ion suppression or enhancement in mass spectrometry, changes in ionization efficiency, and the presence of co-eluting substances that affect chromatographic behavior or detector response. Matrix effects can occur in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and various immunoassays, among other methods.

In quantitative analyses, matrix effects can bias results, leading to under- or overestimation of analyte concentrations if not accounted for. They may also affect precision and limits of detection, depending on the sample type and method.

Mitigation strategies include matrix-matched calibration, the use of internal standards (preferably isotopically labeled), standard addition experiments, and thorough sample cleanup such as solid-phase extraction. Dilution of extracts and comprehensive method validation are also employed to quantify and control matrix effects, ensuring accurate and reliable measurements.

Matrix effects are routinely considered in fields such as bioanalysis, clinical chemistry, environmental monitoring, and food safety to maintain data quality and comparability across laboratories. The concept emphasizes the importance of accounting for the sample environment when interpreting analytical results.

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