masticatoria

Masticatoria, or chewing, is the neuromuscular process by which food is mechanically broken down in the mouth. In physiological terms, it involves the coordinated action of teeth, the temporomandibular joint, the muscles of mastication, and the salivary glands to prepare a swallowable bolus. The term is often used in dentistry and anatomy to describe both the act of chewing and the structures involved in it.

Key muscles include the masseter, temporalis, and the medial and lateral pterygoids. These muscles are innervated primarily by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V3). The chewing cycle is driven by central pattern generators in the brainstem, modulated by sensory input from the teeth, periodontal ligaments, and taste and texture cues from the bolus. Teeth and occlusion determine the efficiency and pattern of grinding and crushing, while the temporomandibular joint permits the hinge and gliding movements required for chewing.

Clinically, masticatoria function can be affected by dental loss, malocclusion, or temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Habitual grinding or clenching of the teeth, known as bruxism, can cause myofascial pain and dental wear. Inadequate mastication can influence digestion, saliva production, and swallowing, and is sometimes considered in dietary and dental treatments.