manyu

Manyu, also known as Manyu, is a term that primarily refers to the "barbarian" peoples or groups who lived north of the traditional Han Chinese civilization. The term was used historically by the Chinese to denote various ethnic groups, including the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Khitan, and Jurchens, among others. These groups often engaged in conflict and trade with the Chinese dynasties.

The character for Manyu (蠻夷) is composed of radicals that historically carried pejorative connotations, suggesting a perceived uncivilized or foreign status from the perspective of Han Chinese culture. The interpretation and application of the term varied significantly over time and depending on the specific group being referred to. It was often used in contrast to the perceived cultural and political superiority of the Chinese dynasties.

Manyu peoples played a significant role in the history of East Asia, establishing their own kingdoms and empires, and at times conquering or heavily influencing Chinese states. Their interactions with China shaped political boundaries, cultural exchange, and military developments. While the term itself carries a loaded historical context, understanding its usage is crucial for comprehending the complex interrelationships between different ethnic and political entities in pre-modern East Asia. Modern scholarship generally uses more neutral terminology when discussing these groups.