magnitudespectrum
The magnitude spectrum of a signal is the function that describes the amplitude of its frequency components. It is obtained from the Fourier transform X(f) = ∫ x(t) e^{-j2πft} dt for continuous signals, or from the discrete Fourier transform X[k] = Σ x[n] e^{-j2πkn/N} for discrete-time signals. The magnitude spectrum is M(f) = |X(f)| or M[k] = |X[k]|.
For real-valued signals, the magnitude spectrum is typically symmetric about zero frequency because X(-f) is the
The power spectrum is P(f) = |X(f)|^2, and is often visualized in decibels using 20 log10|X(f)| for amplitude
Computation and interpretation considerations include windowing, sampling rate, and spectral resolution. In discrete analysis, zero-padding increases
In image processing, the two-dimensional magnitude spectrum is obtained from a 2D Fourier transform and reveals