magnetizationbut

Magnetizationbut is not a recognized term in established magnetism literature. It may be a typographical error, a neologism, or a misreading of a related concept. In the absence of a defined concept by that label, this article explains magnetization, which is the fundamental quantity most likely intended.

Magnetization, denoted M, describes the density of magnetic moments within a material. It is the net magnetic moment per unit volume and reflects how the microscopic spins and orbital motions contribute to a macroscopic magnetic response. In an external magnetic field H, the magnetic induction B is given by B = μ0(H + M) in many materials, where μ0 is the vacuum permeability.

Magnetization can be induced by an external field or arise spontaneously in ordered materials. Induced magnetization occurs in paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials, where M is typically proportional to H at low fields. Spontaneous magnetization occurs in ferromagnets and ferrimagnets, where magnetic moments align even without an external field below a characteristic temperature.

Key related quantities include the saturation magnetization Ms, which is the maximum M at strong fields, the remanent magnetization Mr, remaining after removing the field, and coercivity Hc, the field needed to reduce M to zero. Magnetic anisotropy and domain structure govern how M evolves with H.

Measurement and applications: Magnetization is measured with devices such as vibrating sample magnetometers and superconducting quantum interference devices. Understanding M is essential in designing permanent magnets, magnetic storage media, sensors, and various electronic and biomedical technologies.