mündlicher

Mündlicher is a German adjective that translates to "oral" or "verbal" in English. It describes something that is spoken rather than written. For example, one might have a mündlicher Prüfung (oral examination) or mündlicher Unterricht (verbal instruction). The word is derived from the German noun "Mund," meaning "mouth."

In legal contexts, mündlicher means that a statement or agreement has been made by word of mouth. This can stand in contrast to something that is written down, such as a written contract or a formal declaration. The weight and enforceability of mündlicher agreements can vary depending on jurisdiction and the specific circumstances.

In education, mündlicher participation is often a component of a student's overall grade. This refers to their active engagement in class discussions and their ability to articulate their understanding verbally. Similarly, a mündlicher Vortrag is an oral presentation given by a student or speaker. The opposite of mündlicher is written, which translates to "schriftlich" in German.