lugatlar

Lugatlar are reference works that compile the words of a language with meanings, translations, or explanations. In languages such as Uzbek, lug'at denotes a dictionary, and lug'atlar are dictionaries. They can be monolingual, bilingual, or multilingual, and range from general language dictionaries to encyclopedic or specialized glossaries.

The term lug'at derives from Arabic lugha meaning language, transmitted through Persian and Turkic linguistic traditions. The concept encompasses lexicographical works that document vocabulary, word forms, and their usage.

Entries typically present a headword with pronunciation, part of speech, definitions, and examples. Dictionaries may include etymology, antonyms and synonyms, collocations, usage notes, and cross-references. Bilingual and multilingual lugatlar provide translations and sense correspondences between languages; specialized glossaries cover technical terminology.

Lugatlar have long served education, literacy, and translation. They aid standardization of spelling, describe semantic change, and preserve historical forms. Lexicography advances through corpus data, editorial conventions, and user feedback.

Today, lugatlar appear in print and online, with digital dictionaries offering search, audio pronunciation, example sentences, and API access. Online platforms enable crowd-sourced entries and continuous updating, while traditional publishers maintain curated, peer-reviewed dictionaries.