logiky

Logika, or logic, is the study of the principles of correct reasoning and inference. It analyzes the structure of arguments, the relationship between premises and conclusions, and the criteria by which statements are judged as true or false. While overlapping with psychology, logic aims to describe normative rules for sound reasoning rather than merely documenting how people think.

Historically, logic has roots in ancient Greece with Aristotle, who developed syllogistic reasoning, and in later Indian and East Asian traditions. In the modern era, thinkers such as Frege, Russell, and Hilbert transformed logic into a formal science, introducing symbolic notation and formal theories. The 20th century brought developments like Gödel’s incompleteness theorems and the growth of computer science through propositional and predicate logic, modal logic, and various non-classical logics.

Major branches include formal logic, with propositional logic, predicate logic, and modal logic, and mathematical logic, which studies proofs, computability, and set theory. Informal logic focuses on reasoning in ordinary language and evaluation of arguments, while non-classical logics explore alternatives to standard truth-conditional logic, such as intuitionistic, fuzzy, or paraconsistent logics.

Key concepts include validity (an argument form that guarantees the truth of the conclusion if the premises are true), soundness, inference rules, axioms, proofs, and truth-functional connectives. Quantifiers, relations, and model theory connect syntax to meaning in formal systems.

Logic underpins computer science, particularly in programming, formal verification, and artificial intelligence. It informs mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and cognitive science, and is foundational to logic programming languages such as Prolog. Logika remains a dynamic field, advancing theoretical foundations and practical tools for rigorous reasoning across disciplines.