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Lithium-ion batteries, commonly referred to as lithium-ion or lithium-ion batteries, are a type of rechargeable battery widely used in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems. They are known for their high energy density, long cycle life, and relatively low self-discharge rate compared to other types of rechargeable batteries.

The basic structure of a lithium-ion battery consists of a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte. The cathode is typically made of lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), or lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), while the anode is usually made of graphite. The electrolyte is a lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent.

Lithium-ion batteries operate through a process called lithiation and delithiation. During charging, lithium ions move from the cathode to the anode, where they are stored. During discharging, the process is reversed, and the lithium ions move back to the cathode, generating an electric current.

One of the main advantages of lithium-ion batteries is their high energy density, which allows them to store a large amount of energy relative to their size and weight. This makes them ideal for use in portable electronics and electric vehicles. Additionally, lithium-ion batteries have a long cycle life, meaning they can be charged and discharged many times before their capacity significantly decreases.

However, lithium-ion batteries also have some drawbacks. They are sensitive to high temperatures and can degrade or even catch fire if overheated. They also contain lithium, a highly reactive metal, which can pose safety risks if the battery is damaged or improperly disposed of.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in developing safer and more sustainable alternatives to lithium-ion batteries. Some of the most promising candidates include solid-state batteries, which use a solid electrolyte instead of a liquid one, and lithium-sulfur batteries, which use sulfur as the cathode material instead of a lithium compound.