lipoteichoovými

Lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) are amphipathic molecules found in the cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria. They are anchored to the cytoplasmic membrane by a lipid moiety, typically a diglucosyldiacylglycerol, and extend through the peptidoglycan layer. Their structure consists of a glycerol phosphate backbone, which is often substituted with D-alanine, sugars, or other modifications. The length and specific composition of LTAs can vary significantly between different bacterial species and even strains.

LTAs play crucial roles in bacterial physiology and pathogenesis. They contribute to the structural integrity of the cell wall, influencing its rigidity and permeability. Furthermore, LTAs act as important surface antigens, mediating interactions with host cells and the immune system. They can bind to host cell receptors, triggering inflammatory responses and contributing to the establishment of infection. In some cases, LTAs can also modulate bacterial biofilm formation and adhesion. Due to their immunomodulatory properties, LTAs have been investigated for their potential as vaccine adjuvants and targets for antimicrobial therapies. Their presence is a defining characteristic of the Gram-positive bacterial cell envelope.