liitiumioonaku

Liitiumioonakku, commonly translated as lithium-ion battery, is a rechargeable energy storage device that relies on the movement of lithium ions between the anode and cathode during charging and discharging. The electrolyte is typically a non-aqueous solvent containing lithium salts, and the cathode materials are various lithium metal oxides.

Chemistries vary: lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium iron phosphate (LFP), lithium manganate (LMO), nickel manganese cobalt (NMC), and nickel cobalt aluminum (NCA). Each offers different balances of energy density, safety, lifespan, and cost.

Developed in the 1980s and commercialized in 1991 by Sony, lithium-ion batteries replaced earlier nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride in many applications.

Used in smartphones, laptops, electric vehicles, and stationary energy storage.

Require protective circuits and thermal management; overheating or physical damage can cause thermal runaway; they have charging standards (about 4.2 V per cell) and commonly use CC-CV charging.

Lifecycle depends on chemistry and use; typical cycle life ranges from several hundred to over a thousand cycles; environmental concerns include mining of cobalt and nickel and the need for recycling; recycling processes recover valuable metals but rates are limited.