lifeless

Lifeless is an adjective used to describe the absence of life or vitality. It can refer to living beings that no longer display signs of life, such as a lifeless body, as well as to objects, landscapes, and atmospheres that seem deadened or inert. Figuratively, lifeless can describe performances, voices, or ideas that lack energy, interest, or emotional impact.

Etymology: Lifeless is formed from life and the suffix -less, a common English pattern meaning "without." The term appears in English from the Middle English period, and it is used similarly across related Germanic languages to indicate absence of life or vitality.

Biology and philosophy: In biological terms, life is a characteristic of organisms that show metabolism, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli. A lifeless object lacks these active properties, though it may still contain organic or inorganic matter. In philosophical or ethical discussions, the distinction between life and lifelessness can be invoked when considering questions about consciousness, value, and existence.

Cultural usage: Lifeless is common in literature, film, and music to evoke mood, desolation, or horror. It is also used in everyday language to describe a lackluster performance, dull environments, or emotionally numb states.

See also: dead, inanimate, lifelessness, vitality.