lhydratation

L'hydratation, or hydration in English, denotes the state of having an adequate amount of water in the body's tissues and the process of supplying fluids to meet that need. It is a central concept in biology, nutrition, medicine, and sport, reflecting the balance between water intake and water loss.

Body water is distributed between intracellular and extracellular compartments. Water supports cellular function, regulates temperature, lubricates joints, aids digestion, and enables transport of nutrients and waste. Hydration status depends on fluid intake, losses through urine, sweat, respiration, and stool, and on environmental conditions.

Dehydration occurs when water loss exceeds intake. Early signs include thirst, dry mouth, reduced urine output, and darker urine; more severe symptoms can involve dizziness, confusion, rapid heart rate, and fainting. Young children, older adults, and people with illnesses may be at higher risk. Overhydration, especially with low electrolyte intake, can lead to hyponatremia and other complications.

Guidelines vary by age, sex, activity, climate, and health. In general, many adults consume about 2 to 3 liters of fluids per day from beverages and foods; men typically more than women, with adjustments for heat and exercise. Hydration during exercise may require planned fluid intake and, for prolonged activity, electrolyte beverages or oral rehydration solutions to replace sodium and other minerals.

Practical indicators of adequate hydration include pale urine and infrequent thirst. Hydration interacts with skin condition, cognitive performance, and physical endurance but is one aspect of overall health. When dehydration symptoms occur or electrolyte disturbances are suspected, medical advice should be sought.