lauha

Lauha is the term used in several Indian languages, including Hindi, Marathi, and Sanskrit, for the element iron. In scientific terms, iron is the chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. The word lauha derives from the Sanskrit loha, reflecting its long history in metallurgy and daily life in the region.

Iron is abundant in the Earth's crust, mainly in the form of oxides such as magnetite and hematite. It is extracted by smelting iron ore with carbon in blast furnaces and then refined to produce steel and other alloys. Pure iron is relatively soft, but its strength and versatility come from alloying with carbon and other elements to form various types of steel. Iron is also highly reactive with oxygen and moisture, leading to rust.

Properties of iron include its metallic luster, ductility, and high tensile strength when alloyed. It is ferromagnetic at room temperature and plays a crucial role in modern technology, including transportation, construction, and electronics, as well as in magnets and certain catalysts.

Biologically, iron is an essential micronutrient, a key component of hemoglobin and myoglobin that enables oxygen transport and storage in living organisms. Iron deficiency can cause anemia and fatigue, while excessive iron intake can be toxic and lead to organ damage, necessitating medical supervision for supplements.

In traditional Indian medicine, lauha also refers to iron-based preparations, such as Lauha Bhasma (calcined iron), used as hematinics for anemia. These preparations are prepared to optimize safety and bioavailability, and their use is guided by established medical practice.

See also: iron deficiency, ferric and ferrous iron, steel production.