lacerations

Lacerations are tears of the skin and underlying tissues caused by blunt trauma or shearing forces. They typically have irregular, jagged edges, unlike clean incisions produced by a sharp blade. Lacerations can involve subcutaneous tissue, fat, muscle, tendons, nerves, or blood vessels.

They may occur anywhere, from the scalp to the hands or feet, and vary in depth from superficial skin breaks to deep wounds that expose deeper structures. Contamination is common, especially with dirty or crush injuries, bites, or travels through contaminated environments. Older adults and those with diabetes are at higher risk of complications.

Evaluation focuses on bleeding control, wound depth, and integrity of nearby nerves and vessels. Signs requiring urgent care include heavy or spurting bleeding, suspected tendon or bone exposure, large or gaping wounds, fainting, or altered sensation or strength around the injury. Tetanus status should be reviewed.

First aid involves applying direct pressure to stop bleeding, cleansing the wound with clean water or saline, and avoiding harsh chemicals. Do not remove embedded objects. Medical management may include debridement, closure with sutures or staples for deeper wounds, or skin grafts in selected cases. Contaminated or high-risk wounds may require antibiotics and tetanus vaccination updates.

Prognosis depends on depth, location, and infection risk. Common complications include infection, wound dehiscence, scarring, and nerve or tendon injury. Proper wound care, prompt treatment of contaminated wounds, and preventive measures such as protective gear reduce risk. Seek professional care if bleeding cannot be controlled, if anatomy is involved, or if infection signs develop.