kulutatud

Kulutatud is an Estonian adjective formed from the verb kulutama (to spend, to expend). It functions as a past participle meaning “spent” or “expended” and is used to describe something that has already been consumed or used up. As a modifier it can attach to a noun, and it can also appear predicatively in a sentence.

Common usages include describing expenditures of money or time: kulutatud raha (spent money) and kulutatud aeg (time spent). In sentences, it can appear as Raha on kulutatud (The money has been spent) or Aega on kulutatud (Time has been spent). The form agrees with the noun it modifies in number and case.

Formation and grammar: Kulutatud is the past passive participle of kulutama. It is declined like other Estonian adjectives and participles, with the ending -atud signaling past tense action completed. It typically pairs with nouns in the genitive or nominative cases depending on sentence structure.

Related terms include kulutus (expenditure, consumption) and kulutama (to spend). The expression kulutatud aeg is a standard collocation in discussions of budgeting, project reporting, and time management.

Note: As with many Estonian participles, usage can carry nuance: kulutatud can emphasize that something has already been consumed, which in financial contexts can imply wastefulness or efficiency depending on context.