krudt

Krudt is the Danish and Norwegian term for gunpowder, a chemical explosive historically used as a propellant in firearms and as a pyrotechnic composition. Gunpowder is a low explosive that burns rapidly (deflagrates) to produce a large volume of gas, which creates the pressure needed to drive projectiles or produce a burst in fireworks.

Traditional gunpowder is a mixture of an oxidizer, a fuel, and a stabilizing additive. The common historical formulation uses potassium nitrate as the oxidizer, charcoal as the fuel, and sulfur to enhance burning behavior. The exact proportions varied by region and era, and different variants were developed for specific purposes. The powder is ground to a fine, uniform grain to ensure predictable burning.

The invention of gunpowder occurred in China, probably during the 9th century, with early uses in ceremonial and medicinal contexts eventually expanding to military applications. By the 13th century it spread to the Islamic world and Europe, where it transformed warfare and mining. In firearms, gunpowder served as the primary propellant for muskets and artillery for centuries, before being largely supplanted in the late 19th century by smokeless powders based on nitrocellulose and related compounds. In fireworks, krudt remains a fundamental component, enabling bursts and effects in shells and fountains.

Today, gunpowder is largely superseded for most modern weapons but persists in historical reenactments, the maintenance of antique firearms, and some fireworks uses. It is sensitive to moisture and heat, and improper storage or handling can pose safety hazards. Regulations governing possession, transport, and use vary by country and jurisdiction.