kostnymi

Kostnymi is the instrumental plural form of the Polish adjective kostny, meaning bone-related or osseous. It derives from the noun kość, bone, through the standard adjectival suffix -ny. In Polish grammar, adjectives agree with the noun they modify in gender, number, and case; the instrumental plural form used with nouns in the instrumental case is kostnymi. This form is common in technical and scientific language, especially in anatomy, pathology, and biology, where bone-related properties or materials are described.

In use, kostnymi appears before plural nouns in the instrumental case. Examples include kostnymi materiałami (bone-derived materials), kostnymi strukturami (bone structures), kostnymi tkankami (osseous tissues), and kostnymi komórkami (bone cells). The construction typically follows verbs or prepositions that require the instrumental case.

Kostnym contrasts with other inflected forms of the same root, such as kostny in the nominative singular before masculine or neuter nouns, or kostna in the feminine singular form before feminine nouns (e.g., kostna tkanka, meaning bone tissue). Correct usage depends on the gender and number of the noun being described and the syntactic role of the phrase in the sentence.

See also: Kość (bone), Tkanka kostna (osseous tissue), Kostny (bone-related).