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A colonoscopy is a medical procedure used to examine the lining of the large intestine, also known as the colon. It is typically performed by a gastroenterologist using a colonoscope, a long, flexible tube with a camera and light attached to its tip. The colonoscope is inserted into the anus and guided through the rectum and colon.

The primary purpose of a colonoscopy is to detect abnormalities within the colon, such as polyps, inflammation, or cancer. Polyps are small growths that can sometimes become cancerous over time, and colonoscopy allows for their removal during the procedure, thereby preventing cancer. The procedure can also be used to investigate symptoms like abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, or changes in bowel habits.

Before the procedure, patients are usually required to undergo bowel preparation, which involves consuming a clear liquid diet and taking laxatives to empty the colon. This ensures a clear view of the intestinal lining. During the colonoscopy, the patient typically receives sedation to promote comfort and relaxation.

The examination itself usually takes about 30 to 60 minutes. If polyps are found, they can be removed using small instruments passed through the colonoscope. Biopsies can also be taken if suspicious areas are identified. After the procedure, patients are monitored for a short period before being allowed to go home.

Colonoscopy is considered a safe and effective screening tool for colorectal cancer and a valuable diagnostic procedure for various colon-related conditions. Regular screening colonoscopies are recommended for individuals over a certain age, depending on guidelines and individual risk factors.