kolloidaler
Kolloidal systems, or colloidaler Stoffe in German, refer to mixtures in which particles of a dispersed phase are distributed in a continuous phase at microscopic scales. The dispersed particles typically range from about 1 nanometer to 1000 nanometers and do not settle rapidly because of Brownian motion and kinetic stabilization. Colloids often exhibit the Tyndall effect, meaning a beam of light becomes visible when passing through the mixture due to scattering by the particles.
Stability in colloids arises from electrostatic repulsion, steric hindrance by adsorbed molecules, or a combination of
Common types include sols (solid particles in liquids), gels (three‑dimensional networks in a liquid), emulsions (droplets
Applications span food, medicine, cosmetics, materials science, and environmental technology. Preparation and stabilization rely on surfactants,