kivistumise

Kivistumine is a Finnish term that translates to "petrification" or "fossilization" in English. It refers to the process by which organic matter, such as wood or animal remains, is gradually replaced by minerals. This transformation occurs over long periods, typically within sedimentary rock formations. The original organic material is slowly dissolved and simultaneously replaced by dissolved minerals in the surrounding groundwater. Common minerals involved in this process include silica, calcite, and pyrite.

The result of kivistumine is a stone replica of the original organism. These fossilized remains can preserve intricate details of the organism's structure, offering valuable insights into prehistoric life. The process requires specific environmental conditions, including a lack of oxygen to prevent decomposition and the presence of mineral-rich water. The famous Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona, USA, is a prime example of an area where extensive kivistumine has occurred, preserving ancient trees that have turned to stone. The study of kivistumine is a crucial aspect of paleontology, helping scientists understand the evolution of life on Earth and the geological history of various regions.