kivikehykset

Kivikehykset, also known as kidney stones or renal calculi, are hard deposits that form in the kidneys and can travel to other parts of the urinary tract. They are composed of minerals and acids that precipitate in the urine, forming crystals that can grow and harden over time. The most common types of kidney stones are calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, and cystine stones. Risk factors for developing kidney stones include dehydration, a high-sodium diet, certain medical conditions such as gout or hyperparathyroidism, and a family history of kidney stones.

Symptoms of kidney stones typically include severe pain in the flank or side, often radiating to the lower abdomen or groin, nausea, vomiting, blood in the urine, and frequent urination. The pain can be excruciating and may be mistaken for other conditions such as appendicitis or a urinary tract infection. Diagnosis is usually confirmed through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or X-ray.

Treatment for kidney stones depends on their size, location, and composition. Small stones may pass on their own with hydration and pain medication. Larger stones may require medical intervention, such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), which uses shock waves to break up the stone, or ureteroscopy, a surgical procedure to remove the stone. In some cases, dietary changes, such as increasing fluid intake and reducing sodium and animal protein, may be recommended to prevent future stone formation.