keratinizovaných

Keratinizovaných is a Czech term that translates to "keratinized" in English. It refers to a biological process or state where a tissue or cell becomes hardened and toughened by the accumulation of keratin. Keratin is a strong, fibrous protein that is a key structural component of hair, nails, feathers, horns, and the outer layer of skin in many animals, including humans.

In the context of biology and medicine, keratinization is a normal and essential process. For instance, the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, undergoes keratinization. Cells in the basal layer of the epidermis divide and migrate upwards, gradually accumulating keratin and losing their nuclei and organelles. This process results in a tough, protective outer layer that prevents water loss and shields the body from environmental damage and pathogens. Similarly, the cells that form hair and nails are heavily keratinized.

Abnormal keratinization can occur in various conditions. Hyperkeratosis is a medical term for excessive keratinization, leading to thickened skin, such as in calluses or certain skin diseases. Conversely, a lack of proper keratinization can compromise the skin's barrier function. The term "keratinizovaných" would be used in Czech scientific or medical literature to describe tissues or cells that have undergone this process of keratin accumulation and hardening.