keeratud

Keeratud is an Estonian adjective derived from the verb keerama, meaning to turn, twist, or spin. It functions as the past passive participle of keerama and is used to describe something that has been twisted or turned. In practical use, it commonly describes physical objects such as twisted metal, wires, or ropes, for example keeratud metallist vardad (twisted metal rods) or keeratud traad (twisted wire).

Etymology and form: Keeratud is formed from the stem of keerama with the standard Estonian past participle suffix. As a participial adjective, it agrees with the noun it modifies in number and case, and can appear in different inflected forms according to the sentence.

Usage notes: The primary sense of keeratud is descriptive, indicating physical alteration by twisting. It can also be used metaphorically to indicate that something has been made convoluted or distorted, such as an explanation or plan, though such figurative use is less common and may carry a negative nuance.

Examples:

- Keeratud metallist vardad vajavad täpset paigaldust.

- Traat oli keeratud ja valmis kasutamiseks.

- Probleemi kirjeldus oli keeratud ja raskesti jälgitav.

See also:

- Keerama, the verb from which keeratud is derived.

- Keerukus, a related term describing complexity, though not a direct synonym.

This article provides a concise overview of the term’s meaning, formation, and typical usage within standard Estonian.