karszt

Karszt refers to a specific type of landscape characterized by soluble rocks, most commonly limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. These rocks are dissolved by the action of water, particularly rainwater, which contains dissolved carbon dioxide and forms a weak carbonic acid. Over long periods, this process creates distinctive geological features both above and below the surface.

Above ground, karst topography often features sinkholes, also known as dolines, which are depressions formed when the roof of an underground cave collapses. Other surface features can include uvalas (larger, merged sinkholes), poljes (large, flat-floored depressions), and limestone pavements (areas of exposed rock with deep fissures). Rivers and streams may disappear underground into swallow holes, only to re-emerge elsewhere.

Below ground, karst landscapes are known for their extensive cave systems, stalactites, stalagmites, and underground rivers. These subterranean environments can be complex and extensive, often forming intricate networks. The formation of karst is a slow geological process, and its development is influenced by climate, rock type, and geological structure. Regions with significant karst development are found worldwide, including parts of the Mediterranean, China, and the United States. The term "karst" itself originates from the Karst Plateau in Slovenia, a region renowned for its extensive karst features.