karbonationien

Karbonationien is a term used in some languages to denote chemical species that contain the carbonate group, CO3^2-. In English, the same concept is usually described as carbonate species, including carbonate ions and carbonate-containing minerals and compounds. The label appears in regional textbooks and in discussions of carbonate chemistry in geology, environmental science, and materials science.

Inorganic karbonationien include the carbonate ion, CO3^2-, which is trigonal planar and exhibits resonance among three equivalent C–O bonds. They also encompass solid carbonates such as calcite (CaCO3), aragonite (CaCO3 polymorph), dolomite CaMg(CO3)2, and barium carbonate BaCO3. In aqueous systems, carbonate equilibria connect CO2, carbonic acid, bicarbonate (HCO3^-), and carbonate (CO3^2-), with proportions determined by pH.

Organic karbonationien include carbonate esters (R-O-CO-O-R') and polycarbonates used in plastics and resins. These species feature the carbonate linkage (-O-CO-O-) and have different reactivities and stability compared with inorganic carbonates.

Natural occurrence and importance: karbonationien minerals form sedimentary rocks such as limestone and marble; carbonates play a central role in the global carbon cycle, buffering acidity, and sequestering CO2. Industrially, carbonates are used in cement production, glass manufacture, water treatment, and as buffering agents. The term karbonationien is largely regional and not widely used in international English-language literature.