karboksyylklorideien

Karboksyylklorideien, also known as acyl chlorides, are a class of organic compounds with the general formula RCOCl, where R is an alkyl or aryl group and Cl is a chlorine atom. They are derivatives of carboxylic acids where the hydroxyl group (-OH) has been replaced by a chlorine atom (-Cl).

Karboksyylklorideien are highly reactive compounds due to the polar nature of the carbon-chlorine bond and the electron-withdrawing effect of the carbonyl group. This reactivity makes them valuable intermediates in organic synthesis. They readily undergo nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions with a variety of nucleophiles, including alcohols, amines, and water.

The reaction of a karboksyylkloridi with an alcohol yields an ester and hydrogen chloride. With an amine, it forms an amide and hydrogen chloride. Hydrolysis, the reaction with water, produces the corresponding carboxylic acid and hydrogen chloride. These reactions are typically exothermic and can be quite vigorous.

Karboksyylklorideien are generally prepared from carboxylic acids using reagents such as thionyl chloride (SOCl2), phosphorus trichloride (PCl3), or phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5). For example, the reaction of acetic acid with thionyl chloride produces acetyl chloride.

Due to their reactivity and the release of corrosive hydrogen chloride gas upon reaction with moisture, karboksyylklorideien are typically handled with care under anhydrous conditions. They are used in the synthesis of a wide range of organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals, polymers, and fragrances.