kameras

Kameras are devices that record images by capturing light through a lens onto a recording medium, typically a digital sensor or photographic film. The basic principle is to form a stable representation of a scene by controlling how much light reaches the recording medium and for how long.

Core components include a lens to form the image, a shutter to control exposure, an aperture to regulate light, and a recording medium. Modern kamer models use electronic sensors, such as CMOS or CCD, to convert light into electrical signals that are processed and stored as digital image files; older cameras used photographic film that required chemical development.

Types range from compact cameras and digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) and mirrorless systems to rangefinders, large- and medium-format setups, instant cameras, action cameras, and smartphones. Some units have fixed lenses; others use interchangeable lenses. Sensor size, lens choice, and image processing influence image quality, color reproduction, and perspective. Common formats include RAW, for unprocessed data, and JPEG, for ready-to-view images.

Historically, the concept dates to the camera obscura of ancient times, with practical photographic cameras developing in the 19th century using film. The digital era emerged in the late 20th century, replacing film with sensors and memory storage, leading to compact, connected devices such as smartphones. Kameras have shaped journalism, science, art, and everyday life, while also raising concerns about privacy, data security, and environmental impact.