kalciums

Kalciums, commonly known as calcium, is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It is a soft, gray, and alkaline earth metal that is essential for various biological and geological processes. Calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and predominantly exists in mineral form, particularly as calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, and calcium phosphate.

In biological systems, calcium plays a crucial role in maintaining structural integrity and facilitating physiological functions. It is a primary component of bones and teeth, providing strength and rigidity. Calcium ions serve as important signaling molecules within cells, regulating processes such as muscle contraction, blood clotting, nerve transmission, and enzyme activity. Due to its vital functions, calcium homeostasis is tightly controlled in living organisms.

Calcium can be obtained through dietary sources such as dairy products, leafy greens, nuts, and fish. Deficiency in calcium can lead to conditions such as osteoporosis, heightened risk of fractures, and impaired physiological functions. Conversely, excessive calcium intake may cause adverse effects like kidney stones and cardiovascular issues.

Industrially, calcium is used in the production of cement, plaster, and as a reducing agent in metallurgy. It also has applications in water treatment, agriculture, and as a food additive.

The element was discovered in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy through the electrolysis of limestone (calcium carbonate). Its isotopes, primarily calcium-40, are used in scientific research and radiometric dating.

Calcium’s chemical reactivity increases upon heating, and it readily forms compounds with oxygen, halogens, and other elements. Its widespread presence and utility across biological, industrial, and environmental sectors underscore its importance in both natural systems and human industries.