külv

Külv is the Estonian term for sowing, the agricultural practice of placing seeds into prepared soil in order to initiate crop growth. It involves selecting appropriate seed, determining seeding depth and spacing, and timing the operation to match soil conditions and weather. Külv is a foundational field activity that influences germination, emergence, and the eventual yield of many crops.

Methods of külv range from simple broadcast sowing to more controlled drilling. Broadcasting spreads seeds over a field and is quick for large areas or small seeds; it is typically followed by shallow covering or harrowing. Drill sowing places seeds in furrows at specified depths and intervals, promoting uniform emergence and efficient use of seed and fertilizer. Row sowing, done with planters, inserts seeds in evenly spaced rows.

Process and care. Seedbed preparation, soil moisture management, and seed quality are important. After sowing, seeds need good seed-to-soil contact, which may be achieved by rolling or light covering. Seed quality—germination rate, vigor, and disease resistance—affects establishment and can influence recommended seeding rates and treatment with seed coatings or fungicides.

Timing and conditions. Sowing is timed to soil temperature and moisture. In temperate climates, many crops are sown in spring, while some cereals and forage crops use autumn sowing to overwinter. Poor timing or unsuitable moisture can delay emergence, increase losses, or lead to uneven stands.

Technology and history. The development from manual sowing to seed drills improved emergence, germination, and yields. Modern seeding often employs precision equipment and technology, enabling variable-rate seeding based on soil conditions, moisture, and crop needs, to optimize establishment and input efficiency.