iseseisus

Iseseisvus is the Estonian term for independence and denotes the state of being self-governing and free from external control. In political science and law, it denotes sovereignty—the capacity of a people or state to determine its political, economic, cultural life without external interference.

The concept encompasses both de jure independence (legal sovereignty recognized by other states and international organizations) and de facto independence (effective control of territory and governance). Independence movements seek to establish such sovereignty, often through declarations of independence, referenda, constitutional changes, or the dissolution of empires or unions.

Throughout history, independence has emerged in various forms—revolutions, decolonization, secessions, and treaties leading to new statehood. Notable examples include the United States in 1776, and many nations in the 20th century; for Estonia, independence was proclaimed in 1918 and later restored in 1991 after Soviet occupation.

The process typically involves state-building, constitutions, institutions, defense, and diplomacy to achieve international recognition, often through the United Nations and bilateral relations. Without recognition, a government may exercise limited sovereignty.

In Estonia, the term is used in public discourse and law as a central political idea. Independence Day, Iseseisvuspäev, is celebrated on February 24, commemorating the 1918 declaration, while the restoration of independence is observed on August 20.