ipoclorito

Ipoclorito, known in English as hypochlorite, refers to chemical species containing the hypochlorite anion ClO−. The main inorganic hypochlorites are sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2), and potassium hypochlorite (KClO). In aqueous solutions, hypochlorite acts as a strong oxidizing agent and is widely used for disinfection and bleaching.

The disinfecting action of hypochlorite largely derives from hypochlorous acid (HOCl), formed from hypochlorite in the presence of acidic to near-neutral pH. The relative amounts of HOCl and hypochlorite ion (OCl−) depend on the solution pH; HOCl is typically the more effective disinfectant at lower pH values, while OCl− dominates at higher pH.

Production and uses: industrially, sodium hypochlorite is produced by electrolysis of brine followed by processing to a stable solution used in water treatment, sanitation, and bleaching. Calcium hypochlorite is produced by reacting calcium hydroxide with chlorine and is common in solid form for disinfection and sanitation products. Household bleaches are usually aqueous sodium hypochlorite solutions, commonly in the range of about 3–6% NaOCl, designed for cleaning, disinfection, and deodorization.

Safety and environmental considerations: hypochlorite compounds are corrosive and can irritate skin and eyes. They release chlorine gas when mixed with acids or degraded under heat, and concentrated solutions can pose exposure risks. Environmental concerns include the formation of disinfection byproducts when reacting with organic matter in water.

Storage and handling: store in a cool, ventilated area away from acids, metals, and organic materials, in containers resistant to oxidation and protected from sunlight to minimize decomposition.