intransitív

Intransitív, or intransitive, refers to a class of verbs that do not require a direct object to complete their meaning. Intransitive verbs typically take a single core argument—the subject—and may be accompanied by modifiers, locatives, or other adjuncts, but they do not assign a direct object that undergoes the action.

This is contrasted with transitive verbs, which demand a direct object. For example, in the sentence “She reads a book,” read is transitive because the book is the object of the action. Many verbs can be used both transitively and intransitively depending on the sense or context; such verbs are called ambitransitive or labile. For instance, “run” is often intransitive (“She runs every morning”) but can be transitive in phrases like “She runs a small business.”

Linguistic analyses sometimes distinguish subtypes within intransitives, such as unaccusatives and unergatives. Unaccusatives describe predicates whose subjects are not intentional agents but undergo a change of state or location (for example, “The leaf fell”). Unergatives describe activities performed by an agent (for example, “She runs”).

Cross-linguisticly, transitivity is encoded in various ways. Some languages mark subjects and objects differently (or allow object dropping), while others maintain strict valency. Infixes, agreement patterns, or case marking may reflect whether a verb is intransitive or transitive. The concept also appears under slightly different spellings in various languages, such as intransitivo or intransitív, depending on orthography.

In summary, intransitive verbs inherently do not take a direct object, though they may participate in larger predication with other complements, while transitive verbs require a direct object to complete their meaning.