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International relations is the study of the interactions between states and other actors in the international system. It examines the political, economic, social, and cultural connections and conflicts that shape the global landscape. Key concepts in international relations include sovereignty, national interest, power, diplomacy, international law, and international organizations. The field analyzes how countries make decisions, form alliances, engage in trade, and respond to global challenges such as terrorism, climate change, and pandemics.

Historically, international relations emerged as a distinct academic discipline after World War I, with a focus on understanding the causes of war and promoting peace. Early theories, such as idealism, emphasized cooperation and the role of international institutions. Later, realism gained prominence, focusing on the inherent competition between states driven by self-interest and the pursuit of power in an anarchic international system. Contemporary international relations theory is diverse, encompassing a range of perspectives including liberalism, constructivism, critical theory, and feminism, each offering unique insights into global dynamics.

The actors in international relations are not limited to states. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), multinational corporations (MNCs), international organizations (IOs) like the United Nations, and even individuals play significant roles. These diverse actors interact through various means, including diplomacy, economic sanctions, military action, and humanitarian aid, all contributing to the complex tapestry of global affairs. The study of international relations seeks to provide frameworks for understanding these interactions and informing policy decisions aimed at managing conflict and fostering cooperation.