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Incretins are a group of gut-derived hormones that play a crucial role in glucose metabolism and insulin secretion. The term "incretin" originates from the observation that oral glucose administration stimulates greater insulin release than intravenous glucose, an effect mediated by these hormones. The two primary incretin hormones are glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), both of which are secreted by intestinal cells in response to nutrient ingestion.

GLP-1 and GIP exert their effects primarily by enhancing insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner, thereby reducing blood sugar levels. GLP-1 also suppresses glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, and promotes satiety, contributing to its therapeutic potential in managing type 2 diabetes and obesity. GIP, while less studied, similarly influences insulin secretion and may play a role in pancreatic beta-cell function.

Incretin-based therapies have become a cornerstone in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. These include GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g., exenatide, liraglutide) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors (e.g., sitagliptin, saxagliptin), which prolong the action of endogenous GLP-1 by inhibiting its degradation. These medications improve glycemic control, reduce cardiovascular risk, and may aid in weight loss, though they are not without side effects, such as gastrointestinal discomfort or pancreatitis risk.

Research continues to explore the broader physiological roles of incretins, including their potential involvement in metabolic diseases beyond diabetes, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular conditions. Additionally, studies investigate whether incretin-based therapies could offer benefits in type 1 diabetes or other metabolic disorders. Understanding incretin biology remains essential for developing more effective and targeted treatments for glucose regulation and related complications.