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imunologi

Imunologi (immunology) is the branch of biomedical science that studies the immune system, its development, function, and role in health and disease. It explores how the body detects and defends against pathogens while distinguishing harmful from harmless substances. The immune system comprises two broad arms: innate immunity, which provides immediate, non-specific defense through barriers, phagocytes, natural killer cells, and the complement system; and adaptive immunity, which offers specific responses mediated by T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, with antibodies and the development of immunological memory.

Key concepts include antigen recognition, antigen presentation, clonal selection, and the orchestration of effector responses. Immune

Applications of imunologi span vaccination and vaccinology, transplantation immunology, cancer immunology and immunotherapy, and the diagnosis

cells
communicate
via
cytokines
and
cell-surface
receptors,
allowing
regulation
and
the
maintenance
of
tolerance
to
self
tissues.
Immunology
also
addresses
immunopathology,
such
as
autoimmune
diseases,
allergies,
primary
and
secondary
immunodeficiencies,
and
the
consequences
of
infections.
and
management
of
immune-mediated
diseases.
Subfields
include
clinical
immunology,
immunogenetics,
mucosal
immunology,
neuroimmunology,
and
systems
immunology.
Historically,
immunology
emerged
from
observations
of
immunity
and
vaccination,
progressed
with
the
discovery
of
antibodies
and
phagocytosis,
and
expanded
with
advances
in
molecular
biology.
Modern
immunology
relies
on
techniques
such
as
flow
cytometry,
ELISA,
PCR,
sequencing,
and
advanced
imaging
to
study
immune
responses
and
translate
findings
into
therapies
and
preventive
measures.