imunoglobulinai

Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are a class of glycoprotein molecules that play a crucial role in the immune system of humans and other animals. They are produced by B cells and are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens, which are foreign substances that enter the body.

Structure and Function

Immunoglobulins consist of two heavy chains and two light chains, which are linked together by disulfide bonds. The heavy chains provide the main structural framework of the molecule, while the light chains are responsible for the variable region. This variable region is crucial for the antibody's ability to bind to its specific antigen.

Antibodies have several functions, including the neutralization of pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses. They can also activate the complement system, which is a part of the immune system that helps to eliminate pathogens. In addition, antibodies can mark infected cells for destruction by the immune system.

There are five classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has different properties and functions. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in the blood and provides long-term immunity against pathogens. IgM is the first type of antibody produced in response to an infection and is often involved in the activation of the complement system.

Immunoglobulins have numerous clinical applications, including the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. They are also used to treat immune deficiencies and as immunosuppressive agents in organ transplantation.