immunodefitsents

Immunodeficiency refers to a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease is compromised or entirely absent. This makes an individual more susceptible to infections. Immunodeficiencies can be broadly categorized into primary and secondary types. Primary immunodeficiencies are inherited genetic disorders that affect the development or function of the immune system. There are over 450 identified primary immunodeficiency diseases, with varying degrees of severity. Examples include severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), and X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). These conditions can affect different parts of the immune system, such as B cells, T cells, phagocytes, or complement proteins.

Secondary immunodeficiencies, on the other hand, are acquired later in life due to external factors. These can be caused by various conditions, treatments, or environmental influences. Common causes include malnutrition, certain infections like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, organ transplantation, and the use of immunosuppressive medications. The symptoms of immunodeficiency can range from recurrent or persistent infections that are difficult to treat to opportunistic infections that typically do not affect individuals with healthy immune systems. Diagnosis often involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and specific laboratory tests to assess immune cell counts and function. Treatment strategies vary depending on the type and severity of the immunodeficiency and may include immunoglobulin replacement therapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, prophylactic antibiotics, and managing the underlying cause.